Handbook of Fire & Explosion Protection Engineering Principles for Oil, Gas, Chemical, & Related Facilities

The security and economic stability of many nations and multinational oil companies are highly dependent on the safe and uninterrupted operation of their oil, gas and chemical facilities. One of the most critical impacts that can occur to these operations are fire and explosions from accidental or political incidents

This publication is intended as a general engineering handbook and reference guideline for those personnel involved with fire and explosion protection aspects of these critical hydrocarbon facilities. Several other reference books are available that provide portions of the necessary information required to evaluate hazards, provide fire protection measures, or determine insurance needs. However, most are not fully complete in mentioning all technical subjects and some have become somewhat technically outdated. They usually tend to be a collection of technical papers or else provide a broad coverage of subjects without much practical applications or details. The main objective of this handbook is provide some background understanding of fire and explosion problems at oil and gas facilities and a general source of reference material for engineers, designers and others facing fire protection issues, that can be practically applied. It should also serve as a reminder for the identification of unexpected hazards at a facility.

Explosion and fire protection engineering, principles for the hydrocarbon industries are still being researched, evolved and expanded, as is the case with most engineering disciplines. This and handbook does not profess to contain all the solutions to fire protection problems associated with hydrocarbon facilities. It does, however, try to shed some insight into the current practices and trends being applied in the petroleum industry today. 

This book is generally written from the point of reference of the United States but does attempt to reference other international codes, standards and practices where they have been referenced or heavily used by the international oil industry. It does use SI units as the normal units of measure, to as these are typically used in the international oil industry.

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Theory of Gas Injection Processes

This book describes the mathematical representation of those chromatographic separations and the resulting compositionalchanges that occur in such processes. This book is intended for readers who want to understand the mathematical description of the chromatographic mechanisms that are the basis for gas injection processes for enhanced oil recovery.

Readers familiar with the calculus of partial derivatives and properties of matrices (including eigenvalues and eigenvectors) should have no trouble following the mathematical development of the material presented. The emphasis here is on the understanding of physical mechanisms, and hence the primary audience for this book will be engineers.

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Design of Offshore Concrete Structure

Since their inception thirty years ago, offshore concrete structures have proved to be a competitive alternative to steel structures in the North Sea and in other places where large offshore structures for the production of oil and gas are required. 

This book is a state-of-the-art account of the construction of offshore concrete structures, based on the authors' extensive experience in the field. The complete design process is described, including concept definition, project management, analysis procedures, detailed design criteria, and quality assurance issues. Emphasis is given to presenting an overview of important problem areas in design, and the authors give specific recommendations to ensure the fulfilment of a satisfactory product. The design process described is also equally applicable to other complex concrete structures.

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Process Control Performance Assessment: From Theory to Implementation

Process Control Performance Assessment is a practical guide to the application of control benchmarking to real, complex, industrial processes. It presents commercial solutions as well as current and future techniques still under development and contains real full-scale-implementation industrial case studies from the oil and gas, power and chemical industries providing a hierarchical perspective on benchmarks. The effect of benchmarking and control tuning on process performance and revenue optimisation is demonstrated.

The most frequently occurring practical issues associated with implementing benchmarking algorithms in industrial processes are discussed in detailed and concise terms and guidelines given for avoiding common problems. The impact of problems like valve stiction and plant-wide disturbances on process performance is reviewed and methods for diagnosing causative fault conditions suggested.

The benefit of non-intrusive and intrusive benchmarking techniques for optimising control systems using performance assessment and diagnostic tools is the potential to enhance company operational economics through increased throughput and better product quality. The book is appropriate for industrial and academic control and process engineers who wish to learn about methods of benchmarking through directed study or self study.

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Field Methods for Petroleum Geologists: A Guide to Computerized

Provides an introduction to petroleum exploration methods, referring to both geophysical and geochemical techniques and the logistics of various drilling techniques and well logging methods for oil and gas exploration. The second part of the book focuses on using these methods for petroleum exploration within the context of northern Africa. The geology of northern Africa is described and computerized lithographic correlation charts are presented and applied to petroleum exploration targets from the region. 

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Switching to Renewable Power: A Framework for the 21st Century

At a time when decisionmakers are considering how best to support renewable energy, this book examines the regulatory framework, providing a platform for development and an invaluable research text

* The current global position is analyzed alongside the underlying renewable energy policies, using case studies from different countries over the past thirty years

* International experts evaluate the data, outline prospects, and propose recommendations for uptake of renewable energy within a limited time frame

Renewable energy has enjoyed relatively good growth in recent years, in particular photovoltaic (PV) and wind; but it will be difficult to sustain such rates of diffusion on a global basis. A more complete transition to renewable energy is required on a demanding timescale set by climate change and fossil fuel depletion. This book analyzes strategies for promoting renewable energy within the context of a rapid energy transition.

Having described the global context in detail, covering oil and gas depletion, climate change, third world development, and the potential for renewable energy, the authors evaluate support mechanisms at national and international levels, offering readers a clear understanding of the regulatory framework and an opportunity to promote renewable energy effectively.

The Contributors: Jörg Schindler and Werner Zittel, Ludwig Böhlkow-Systemtechnik, Germany, Ian Rowlands, University of Waterloo, Canada, Giulio Volpi, WWF Europe, Kristian Hvitfelt Nielsen, Aarhus University, Denmark, Staffan Jacobsson, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, Peter Connor, University of Warwick, U.K., Ole Langniss, Centre of Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, David Elliott, The Open University, U.K., Frede Hvelplund, Aalborg University, Denmark

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Life Extension, Second Edition

Now available in its fully revised second edition, this practical guide explains how you can achieve consistently superior run lengths, low maintenance expenditures, and unexcelled safety and reliability in all of your pump applications. Written by two practicing engineers whose combined 80-year working careers included all conceivable facets of pumping technology, this handbook conveys in detail what facilities must do to rapidly accomplish both superior performance and low life-cycle cost for pumps of all types and sizes. Aimed at operating technicians, maintenance professionals, project engineers, reliability engineers and managers, the book is intended for every job function that comes in contact with process pumps. Utilities, power generation facilities, pulp and paper plants, consumer product manufacturers, pharmaceutical plants, mining operations, chemical and petrochemical plants, municipal works, oil and gas pipelines, and oil refineries are among those that can significantly profit from implementingthe guidelines described in this unique, experience-based text

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Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes

A quick-reference to petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis. Provides coverage of the latest developments in the petrochemical process industry, and a quick tutorial on the chemical reactions associated with oil and gas processing.

In Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes, readers find a handy and valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis. The book reviews and describes the reactions and processes involved in transforming petroleum-based hydrocarbons into the chemicals that form the basis of the multi-billion dollar petrochemical industry. In addition, the book includes information on new process developments for the production of raw materials and intermediates for petrochemicals that have surfaced since the book's first edition.

Provides a quick understanding of the chemical reactions associated with oil and gas processing

Contains insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis

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Offshore pipelines

More than a third of the worldwide growth in drilling is expected to come from offshore, making the development of offshore pipelines an extremely hot topic in the energy industry. Offshore Pipelines is the most up-to-date reference for engineers and developers challenged with bringing oil and gas onshore. 

Written primarily for engineers and management personnel working on offshore and deepwater oil and gas pipelines, this book brings together the authors years of experience on a variety of pipeline projects. It offers cost-effective approaches for developing pipeline systems. By presenting principles, criteria, and data necessary to perform engineering analyses, the authors set forth guidelines that can be employed to optimize pipeline development projects.

Covers the full scope of pipeline development from pipeline designing, installing, and testing to operation. 

Guidelines to achieve cost-effective management of offshore and deepwater pipeline development and operations. 

Tips on how to design low-cost pipelines allowing long-term operability and safety. 

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Deconvolution of Geophysical Time Series in the Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas

In the exploration for oil and natural gas, the geophysicist is confronted
with the problem of estimating the structural features of the subsurface to
depths of up to 6000 m with an accuracy of a few tens of meters. These estimates
must be made over geographic areas covering many hundreds of square
miles. The geophysical methods make use of indirect means because all
inputs and outputs must be made at or near the surface of the earth. The
most successful method is the reflection seismic method. This method was
greatly enhanced by the introduction of digital deconvolution in the early
1960’s. There has been much practical use of deconvolution in the intervening
years as well as a great deal of theoretical work. However, there has never
been a unified treatment of the entire subject which actually makes use of
the physical properties to simplify and make amenable the mathematical
justification.
This book is motivated by the need for a comprehensive treatment of
deconvolution which brings out the essential mathematical properties from
the physically observed facts. From principles given in this book, the
methods of deconvolution can be viewed in a unified way.
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Hydrocarbon Exploration & Production

Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production, Second Edition is a comprehensive and current introduction to the upstream industry, drawing together the many inter-disciplinary links within the industry. It presents all the major stages in the life of an oil or gas field, from gaining access to opportunity, through exploration, appraisal, development planning, production, and finally to decommissioning. It also explains the fiscal and commercial environment in which oil and gas field development takes place.

The book is written for industry professionals who wish to be better informed about the basic technical and commercial methods, concepts and techniques used in the upstream oil and gas business. The authors are the founders of TRACS International, a company which has provided training and consultancy in Exploration and Production related issues for many clients world-wide since 1992.

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Offshore Engineering: An Introduction

Here it is the new edition of one of the offshore industry principle primers. It is not written as a definitive manual but as an overall reference and introduction to what is a relatively complex subject. Its aim is to provide a fuller overall appreciation of the offshore industry in understandable terms and it is the success in this which is likely to make the book so popular with both new recruits and experienced engineers when they embark upon new fields of work. Offshore Structures and Support Vessels - offshore structures, support vessels, offshore installations description, fixed steel structures installation. The North Sea History and Legislation - the North Sea, the story so far, oil and gas distribution, the safety case, statutory instruments, associated information. Safety Systems - the safety case, fire-fighting equipment, life-saving appliances, navigational aids, hazardous areas, emergency systems. Piping Systems and Process Pressure Vessels - piping systems, process pressure vessels, piping and pressure vessels design, piping systems - construction. Production - gas production, oil production, enhanced oil recovery and oil drive mechanism. Underwater Engineering - diving, underwater surveys. The Well Component Parts - Christmas tree, surface wellhead. Well Maintenance - wireline operations, workover operations. Appendices - structural steel, welding, non-destructive examination, units of measurement, table of line pipe dimensions.

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Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids" by Karen Schou Pedersen, Peter L. Christensen

We first became interested in oil and gas properties in the late 1970s when the oil and gas production from the North Sea had just started. The oil companies operating in that region were facing practical problems not seen anywhere before. New technical solutions had to be invented to make the oil production competitive with that from other regions. After a few years it became common practice in the North Sea to transport untreated multiphase well streams over long distances in subsea pipelines connecting smaller fields with existing process facilities. At the temperature of the sea bottom, an untreated well stream may undergo all kinds of phase transitions. The standard PVT experiments that had developed in the oil industry did not cover phase behavior at seabed temperature and did not take into consideration that a well stream often carries formation water from a water zone beneath the oil zone.

Thermodynamic models and phase equilibrium algorithms were needed that were capable of predicting the phase behavior of petroleum reservoir well streams, considering several fluid and solid phases. Such models could not be developed without experimental data. In the 1970s and early 1980s, it was unusual for an oil company to publish its in-house phase equilibrium data. The Norwegian oil company Statoil was among the first to realize that this practice had to be altered for the oil industry to be able to cope with the enormous challenges in the North Sea. We are grateful to Statoil and especially to Per Thomassen, Hans Petter Ronningsen, Otto Rogne, Knut Kristian Meisingset, and Jess Milter for being prepared to share its in-house fluid property and phase equilibrium data with the public. The data material published by Statoil has been the basis of extensive modeling efforts at universities and in the oil industry all over the world, and has helped to convince other oil companies about the usefulness of making in-house data available for public.

The book takes a compositional approach but acknowledges that “black oil” simulations are still in frequent use in the oil industry. It may therefore also be the right textbook in PVT courses having the aim to prepare the students for compositional fluid simulations but still accepting the need for them to understand “black oil” terminology.

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Practical Modern SCADA Protocols: DNP3, 60870.5 and Related Systems

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are at the heart of the modern industrial enterprise ranging from mining plants, water and electrical utility installations to oil and gas plants. In a market that is crowded with high-level monographs and reference guides, more practical information for professional engineers is required. This book covers the essentials of SCADA communication systems focussing on DNP3, the IEC 60870.5 standard and other new developments in this area. It commences with a brief review of the fundamentals of SCADA systems' hardware, software and the communications systems (such as RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet and TCP/IP) that connect the SCADA 

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Evaporites, Petroleum and Mineral Resources

This volume illustrates the expanding knowledge of evaporites as important reservoir seals, fluid aquitards, ore-hosting sediments, and economically viable sediments in their own right. Researchers, oil and gas professionals, minerals resource professionals, environmental specialists and others within geology and the other earth sciences shall utilize the information within this book in their understanding of the many recent discoveries and concepts involved in the field of evaporite sedimentology.

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Construction Contracts

As a desktop companion for project managers and engineers, contract administrators, cost scheduling engineers and others engaged in the oil and gas industry, pipeline and petrochemical construction this book covers the entire contract process, including: Efficient preparation of quotation requests as bid packages; Examples for suitable contract formats; Evaluation of bids; Qualification of delay and disruption costs; Contract closeout procedures; Invoicing, progress payments and work break down structures. Just to name a few topics.

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Brian Hicks, Chris Nelder "Profit from the Peak: The End of Oil and the Greatest Investment Event of the Century"

Profit from the Peak contains the information you need to successfully navigate the end of our oil-based economy. It takes a hard look at the future of oil and gas, examines how you can effectively invest in these resources, and profit from energy alternatives that are poised to power the years ahead. Along the way, this book also explores the potential, and possible limitations, of each major energy source, while carefully cover the investing angles of each one.

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Gas Pipeline Hydraulics

In your day-to-day planning, design, operation, and optimization of pipelines, wading through complex formulas and theories is not the way to get the job done. Gas Pipeline Hydraulics acts as a quick-reference guide to formulas, codes, and standards encountered in the gas industry. Based on the author's 30 years of experience in manufacturing and the oil and gas industry, the book presents a step-by-step introduction to the concepts in a practical approach illustrated by real-world examples, case studies, and a wealth of problems at the end of each chapter. Avoiding overly complex equations and theorems, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics demonstrates the calculation of pressure drop using various commonly accepted formulas. The author extends this discussion to determine total pressure required under various configurations, the necessity of pressure regulators and control valves, the comparative pros and cons of adding compressor stations versus pipe loops, mechanical strength of the pipeline, and thermal hydraulic analysis. He also introduces transient pressure analysis along with references for more in-depth study. The text concludes with the economic aspects of pipeline systems. Containing valuable appendices that provide conversions from USCS to SI units, tables of properties of natural gas, commonly used pipe sizes, and allowable internal and hydrotest pressures, this is the most easy-to-use, hands-on reference for gas pipelines available.

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Modeling of Oil Product and Gas Pipeline Transportation

Based on a well tried-and-tested lecture at the Russian State University of Oil and Gas, this accessible approach to the theory of pipeline transportation provides systematic coverage of various kinds of fluids, backed by real-world examples. 
From the contents:
* Fundamentals of mathematical modeling of one-dimensional flows
* Models of transported media
* Structure of laminar and turbulent fluid flows
* Modeling and calculation of steady-state regimes 
* Closed mathematical models of one-dimensional fluid and gas flows 
* Dimensional theory
* Physical modeling of phenomena
* Dimension and similarity in mathematical modeling of processes
End-of-chapter problems make this practical book consistent and suitable for self-study.

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Ship-shaped Offshore Installations: Design, Building, and Operationby Jeom Kee Paik and Anil Kumar Thayamballi

Ship-shaped offshore units are some of the more economical systems for the development of offshore oil and gas, and are often preferred in marginal fields. These systems are especially attractive to develop oil and gas fields in deep and ultra-deep water areas and remote locations away from existing pipeline infrastructures. Recently, the ship-shaped offshore units have been applied to near shore oil and gas terminals. It is an ideal text and reference on the technologies for design, building and operation of ship-shaped offshore units, within inevitable space (and time) requirements. The book includes a range of topics, from the initial contracting strategy to decommissioning and the removal of the units concerned. Coverage includes both fundamental theory and principles of the individual technologies. This book will be useful to students who will be approaching the subject for the first time as well as designers working on the engineering for ship-shaped offshore installations.

'... offers many new ideas in offshore engineering and technology, which could be used to enhance design and operation of maritime systems. ... beneficial for both academic researchers and industrial analysts. It serves as a good reference for marine/offshore safety engineers within the industry and as an excellent textbook by undergraduates or postgraduates in marine/offshore engineering subjects. There are several useful sections that briefly introduce the reader to the ship-shaped offshore installations and set the mood by defining the general design and building regimes. For more advanced readers, the technical chapters plunge deep into the root of problems of designing, building and operating ship-shaped offshore installations.'

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Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Oil and Gas Production: Guidance on General Requirements and Test Methods for H2S Service

A revised and updated set of guidelines applicable to stainless steels, nickel alloys and titanium alloys covering: SSC/SCC test procedures, reference environments for SSC and SCC testing; guidance on autoclave testing of CRA's; procedures for testing CRA's exposed to sulphur and H2S.

The work group consider this revision of EFC 17 necessary to incorporate

developments, in the testing of CRAs, made since publication of the first edition in

1995. In particular:

1. Experience with weldable super-martensitic stainless steels has identified that

artificially buffered test solutions used for SSC testing require modification for

these steels

2. More general improvements in the definition of test solutions have been made in

co-operation with ISO/TC 67/WG 7 during the preparation of ISO 15156.

The above have been incorporated as changes to Section 8 and Appendix 4.

Elsewhere, minor changes have been made to update and correct editorial errors and

omissions in the original text.

In addition to the changes now made to this document, the reader's attention is

drawn to:

1. Continuing development of ISO 15156 by ISO/TC67/WG 7.

2. Extensive proposed changes to the CRA content of NACE MR0175 and the

intended carry-over of these changes into ISO 15156.

3. Incorporation of SCC testing requirements in the 1996 revision of NACE TM0177

and changes to test solutions now in preparation for the next edition. The latter

are expected to be largely consistent with this document.

4. Publication of ISO 13680:2000 that defines 'technical delivery conditions' for CRA

OCTG not previously covered by API 5CT (ISO 11960).

We wish to acknowledge the essential contributions of Work Group members to

this revision and the following who have assisted with the editorial preparation of

the revision: J.-L. Crolet, E. Wade, B. Kermani.

As foreseen in the first edition, developments in the testing of CRAs continue.

Readers are encouraged to minitor these to ensure their use of best practice.

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Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy

In this masterpiece, the renowned chemistry Nobel Laureate, George A. Olah and his colleagues discuss in a clear and readily accessible manner the use of methanol as a viable alternative to our diminishing fossil fuel resources. They look at the pros and cons of our current main energy sources, namely oil and natural gas, and varied renewable energies, and new ways to overcome obstacles.

Following an introduction, Olah, Goeppert and Prakash look at the interrelation of fuels and energy, and at the extent of our non-renewable fossil fuel resources. Despite the diminishing reserve and global warming, the authors point out the continuing need for hydrocarbons and their products. They also discuss the envisioned hydrogen economy and its significant shortcomings. The main section then focuses on the methanol economy, including the conversion carbon dioxide from industrial exhausts (such as flue gases from fossil fuel burning power plants) and carbon dioxide contained in the atmoshere into convenient liquid methanol for fuel uses (notably in fuel cells) and as a raw material for hydrocarbons. The book is rounded off with a glimpse into the future.

A forward-looking and inspiring work regarding the major challenges of future energy and environmental problems.

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Geology and Geochemistry of Oil and Gas

This book discusses the progress that is being made through innovations in instrumental measurements of geologic and geochemical systems and their study using modern mathematical modeling. It covers the systems approach to understanding sedimentary rocks and their role in evolution and containment of subsurface fluids.

Fundamental aspects of petroleum geology and geochemistry, generation, migration, accumulation, evaluation and production of hydrocarbons are discussed with worldwide examples. Various physical and chemical properties of subsurface waters, crude oils and natural gases are described which is especially important to production engineering. Among various properties of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons the most important are wettability affecting production characteristics and ultimate recovery: relative permeability affecting reservoir fluid flow to the production wells; density differences between immiscible fluids which affects gravity drainage; viscosity of subsurface fluids affecting the relative mobility of each fluid; and fluid chemistry, which affects the absorption, ultimate recovery and monetary value of produced hydrocarbons.

Discussion of the formation and accumulation of hydrocarbons includes (1) the changes in the chemical composition of hydrocarbons that originate from the debris of living plants and organisms to form crude oil and natural gas; (2) the origin of hydrocarbons in different areas of a single reservoir; (3) the conditions, which determine the distribution of water, oil and gas in the reservoir; (4) the migration of subsurface fluids until they eventually accumulate in isolated traps; (5) discussion of the traps as a function of sedimentary geology and tectonics. This is based on the systems approach to the specific geologic and geochemical systems using analytical and statistical principles and examples of modern mathematical modeling of static and dynamic systems.

* Discusses fundamental aspects of petroleum geology and geochemistry, and generation, migration, accumulation, evaluation and production of hydrocarbons
* Presents a systems approach to the specific geologic and geochemical systems

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Geomorphology of Oil and Gas Fields in Sandstone Bodies

This book is essentially about stratigraphic traps for oil and gas. Many of the examples discussed are geomorphologic features having inherent closures.without any secondary structural element; others are primarily geomorphologic features modified by folding or faulting to produce local closures. 

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Operational Aspects of Oil and Gas Well Testing

Well Testing is recognised by many operating oil and gas companies to be the most hazardous operation they routinely undertake. Therefore, it is of great importance that such operations are extremely well planned and executed.This handbook covers all the major "Operational Aspects of Oil and Gas Well Testing" and uses a structured approach to guide the reader through the steps required to safely and effectively plan a well test operation under just about any circumstances world wide.Safety procedures and well testing recommended practices are rigorously addressed in this book, as are the responsibilities of those persons involved in well testing operations.Perforating equipment, drill stem test equipment and bottom hole pressure gauges are discussed in detail in the book. There is also a very valuable section on sub sea equipment, an area often not well understood even by experienced engineers who may have been primarily involved with land or jackup rigs.A major part of the book is the detailed coverage of the equipment and instrumentation that makes up a surface well testing package. It also covers operational and testing related problems such as, hydrates, wax and sand, and offers the reader some possible solutions.There are useful chapters on sampling, onsite chemistry, coil tubing and nitrogen operations and basic stimulation as they relate to well testing.Finally there is an extensive section of appendices covering useful engineering calculations and there is a complete example of a detailed well testing programme.

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VIKIZ Method for Logging Oil and Gas Boreholes

The book represents the fundamentals of High Frequency Induction Logging Isoparametric Soundings in oil and gas boreholes. This method is known in Russia as the VIKIZ method. There have been considered a wide range of methodical problems for applying the method along with an interpretation of logs obtained for terrigenous sections.

The experience for more than ten years of practical application of this technique in different regions has been analyzed and generalized. The multifunctional computer system of log inversion has been described and the ways for using this system have been recommended.

The book is intended for geophysicists and geologists specialized in the field of production geophysics. The book will be also useful for students, post-graduate students, and researchers interested in geophysical investigations in boreholes.

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Air and Gas Drilling Manual, Third Edition: Applications for Oil and Gas Recovery Wells and Geothermal Fluids Recovery Wells

The third edition of Air and Gas Drilling describes the basic simulation models for drilling deep wells with air or gas drilling fluids, gasified two-phase drilling fluids, and stable foam drilling fluids. The models are the basis for the development of a systematic method for planning under balanced deep well drilling operations and for monitoring the drilling operation as well as construction project advances.Air and Gas Drilling discusses both oil and natural gas industry applications, and geotechnical (water well, environmental, mining) industry applications. Important well construction and completion issues are discussed for all applications.The engineering analyses techniques are used to develop pre-operations planning methods, troubleshooting operations monitoring techniques and overall operations risk analysis. The essential objective of the book is drilling and well construction cost management control. The book is in both SI and British Imperial units.*Master the air and gas drilling techniques in construction and development of water wells, monitoring wells, geotechnical boreholes, mining operations boreholes and more*30% of all wells drilled use gas and air, according to the U.S. Department of Energy estimates*Contains basic simulation equations with examples for direct and reverse circulation drilling models and examples for air and gas, gasified fluids, and stable foam drilling models

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Production and Transport of Oil and Gas

an excellent source of information for the student interested in oil and gas production. It can also be used as a reference manual and belongs on the book shelf of every practicing petroleum engineer. -- Energy Sources.

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